Day: September 20, 2021

Co-insurance, Out-Of-Pocket Expenses, Private Insurance, & Public Insurance

Sanaullah Abro
Co-insurance, Out-Of-Pocket Expenses, Private Insurance, & Public Insurance

In this article, four concepts of the healthcare insurance systems including Co-insurance, Out-Of-Pocket Expenses, Private Insurance, & Public Insurance are discussed and explained briefly. Let’s get started with the definition of Co-Insurance in terms of healthcare insurance system followed globally.   Co-insurance in terms of healthcare insurance system A percentage of the costs of care that an insured patient has paid out-of-pocket is called Co insurance. Out-Of-Pocket Expenses in terms of healthcare insurance system The costs for medical care which are not supposed to be reimbursed by insurance are called…

Common Problems Encountered During Production of Recombinant Proteins and their Solutions

Osama Shaukat
Production of Recombinant Proteins

Introduction Recombinant Protein Recombinant protein is a modified form of protein, which is generated in many ways to produce large quantities of proteins, alter gene sequences and produce useful commercial products. The formation of recombinant protein is carried out in specialized vehicles known as vectors. Recombinant protein is a protein encoded by a gene — recombinant DNA — that has been cloned in a system that supports the expression of the gene and the translation of messenger RNA. Proteins co-expressed in bacteria will not have post-translational modifications, e.g. phosphorylation or…

Bioprocessing of VLPs used in vaccine production

Osama Shaukat
Bioprocessing of VLPs used to produce veccines

History of VLPs: (As compounds of advanced vaccine Strategies) Bioprocessing of VLPs | Gofrixty | Previous to 1969 anti-viral vaccines were either derived from inactivated viruses such as rabies vaccine, attenuated strains of pathogenic wild type viruses such as (yellow fever or poliovirus) or they were using non-pathogenic viral strains to persuade a defending immune response against pathogen family members like a vaccine of smallpox containing harmless vaccinia virus. Since then particles based on HBsAg were firstly revealed in the blood samples of patients infected with HBV and soon were…